Fire Protection Handbook®, 2008 Edition

Contents

Preface

Introduction

Section 1 Safety in the Built Environment

1.1 Challenges to Safety in the Built Environment ■ John R. Hall, Jr., and Erin R. Twomey

1.2 Fundamentals of Structurally Safe Building Design ■ Bonnie E. Manley

1.3 Codes and Standards for the Built Environment ■ Arthur E. Cote and Casey C. Grant

1.4 Legal Issues for the Designer and Enforcer ■ Arthur E. Schwartz

1.5 Fire Prevention and Code Enforcement ■ Ronald R. Farr and Steven F. Sawyer

1.6 Premises Security ■ Lauris V. Freidenfelds

1.7 Protecting Against Extreme Events ■ Brian J. Meacham and Carl Galioto

1.8 Emergency Management and Business Continuity ■ Donald L. Schmidt

1.9 Systems Approach to Fire-Safe Building Design ■ John M. Watts, Jr.

Section 2 Basics of Fire and Fire Science

2.1 Physics and Chemistry of Fire ■ Dougal Drysdale

2.2 Physics of Fire Configuration ■ Ronald L. Alpert

2.3 Flammability Hazard of Materials ■ Daniel Madrzykowski and David W. Stroup

2.4 Dynamics of Compartment Fire Growth ■ Richard L. P. Custer

2.5 Basics of Fire Containment ■ Marc L. Janssens

2.6 Fundamentals of Fire Detection ■ Richard L. P. Custer and James A. Milke

2.7 Theory of Fire Extinguishment ■ Hong-Zeng Yu and Jeffrey S. Newman

2.8 Explosions ■ Robert Zalosh

Section 3 Information and Analysis for Fire Protection

3.1 An Overview of the Fire Problem and Fire Protection ■ John R. Hall, Jr., and Arthur E. Cote

3.2 Fire Loss Investigation ■ Richard L. P. Custer and David T. Sheppard

3.3 Fire Data Collection and Databases ■ Marty Ahrens and Stan Stewart

3.4 Use of Fire Incident Data and Statistics ■ Marty Ahrens, Patricia Frazier, and Gayle Kelch

3.5 Introduction to Fire Modeling ■ Craig L. Beyler, Philip J. DiNenno, Douglas J. Carpenter, and John M. Watts, Jr.

3.6 Applying Models to Fire Protection Engineering Problems and Fire Investigations ■ Richard L. P. Custer, David T. Sheppard, and Christopher B. Wood

3.7 Fire Hazard Analysis Techniques ■ Morgan J. Hurley and Richard W. Bukowski

3.8 Fire Risk Analysis ■ John R. Hall, Jr., and John M. Watts, Jr.

3.9 Closed Form Enclosure Fire Calculations ■ Edward K. Budnick, Sean P. Hunt, and Mark T. Wright

3.10 Performance-Based Codes and Standards for Fire Safety ■ Milosh T. Puchovsky and Morgan J. Hurley

3.11 Overview of Performance-Based Fire Protection Design ■ Frederick W. Mowrer and Eric R. Rosenbaum

Section 4 Human Factors in Emergencies

4.1 Human Behavior and Fire ■ John L. Bryan

4.2 Calculation Methods for Egress Prediction ■ Rita F. Fahy

4.3 Concepts of Egress Design ■ James K. Lathrop

4.4 Techniques of Crowd Management ■ John J. Fruin

4.5 Strategies for Occupant Evacuation During Emergencies ■ Daniel J. O’Connor and Bert Cohn

Section 5 Fire and Life Safety Education

5.1 Principles and Techniques of Fire and Life Safety Education ■ Edward Kirtley

5.2 Fire and Life Safety Education Messages ■ Ernest Grant and Rodney Eksteen

5.3 Disaster Preparedness Education ■ Gerri Penney

5.4 Media’s Role in Fire and Life Safety Education ■ Robin J. Adair

5.5 Reaching High-Risk Groups ■ Sharon Gamache

5.6 Juvenile Firesetting ■ Paul Schwartzman

5.7 Using Data for Public Education Planning and Decision Making ■ John R. Hall, Jr.

5.8 Evaluation Techniques for Fire and Life Safety Education ■ John R. Hall, Jr., and Michael W. Weller

Section 6 Characteristics of Materials and Products

6.1 Fire Hazards of Materials ■ Robert P. Benedetti

6.2 Combustion Products and Their Effects on Life Safety ■ Richard G. Gann and Nelson P. Bryner

6.3 Concepts and Protocols of Fire Testing ■ Marcelo M. Hirschler

6.4 Wood and Wood-Based Products ■ John M. Cholin

6.5 Fibers and Textiles ■ Jeffrey O. Stull and Salvatore A. Chines

6.6 Upholstered Furniture and Mattresses ■ Vytenis Babrauskas

6.7 Fire-Retardant and Flame-Resistant Treatment of Cellulosic Materials ■ James R. Shaw

6.8 Dusts ■ Richard F. Schwab

6.9 Metals ■ Tom Christman

6.10 Gases ■ Theodore C. Lemoff

6.11 Medical Gases ■ Mark Allen

6.12 Flammable and Combustible Liquids ■ Orville M. Slye, Jr.

6.13 Polymeric Materials ■ Robert P. Benedetti and Guy R. Colonna

6.14 Pesticides in the Workplace ■ Fred Whitford

6.15 Explosives and Blasting Agents ■ Lon D. Santis

6.16 Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products ■ David L. Fredrickson

6.17 Tables and Charts ■ Vytenis Babrauskas

Section 7 Storage and Handling of Materials

7.1 Storage and Handling of Solid Fuels ■ Kenneth W. Dungan

7.2 Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids ■ Anthony M. Ordile

7.3 Storage of Gases ■ Theodore C. Lemoff and Carl H. Rivkin

7.4 Storage and Handling of Chemicals ■ John A. Davenport

7.5 Hazardous Waste Control ■ Paul R. Severson

Section 8 Special Equipment

8.1 Air-Moving Equipment ■ Jane I. Lataille

8.2 Chemical Processing Equipment ■ Richard F. Schwab

8.3 Materials-Handling Equipment ■ John K. Bouchard

8.4 Automated Equipment ■ L. Jeffrey Mattern

8.5 Lasers ■ Fred P. Seeber

8.6 Protection of Electronic Equipment ■ Brian P. Rawson

8.7 Heat Transfer Systems and Fluids ■ John A. LeBlanc

8.8 Industrial and Commercial Heat Utilization Equipment ■ Raymond Ostrowski

8.9 Oil Quenching and Molten Salt Baths ■ Raymond Ostrowski

8.10 Stationary Combustion Engines and Fuel Cells ■ James B. Biggins

8.11 Fluid Power Systems ■ Paul K. Schacht

8.12 Refrigeration Systems ■ Henry L. Febo, Jr.

8.13 Electrical Systems and Appliances ■ Robert M. Milatovich

Section 9 Processes and Facilities

9.1 Woodworking Facilities and Processes ■ John M. Cholin

9.2 Spray Finishing and Powder Coating ■ Don R. Scarbrough

9.3 Dipping and Coating Processes ■ John Katunar III

9.4 Plastics Industry and Related Process Hazards ■ George Ouellette

9.5 Metalworking Processes ■ Paul G. Dobbs

9.6 Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work ■ August F. Manz and Mark E. Blank

9.7 Storage and Handling of Grain Mill Products ■ James E. Maness and Lee M. Sargent

9.8 Protection of Records ■ James A. Beals

9.9 Semiconductor Manufacturing ■ Vinnie DeGiorgio and Heron Peterkin

9.10 Oilseed Solvent Extraction Plants ■ C. Louis Kingsbaker

9.11 Protection of Wastewater Treatment Plants ■ James F. Wheeler

9.12 Fire Protection of Laboratories Using Chemicals ■ Richard R. Anderson

9.13 Fire Protection of Telecommunications Facilities ■ Ralph E. Transue

9.14 Electric Generating Plants ■ Daniel J. Sheridan

9.15 Nuclear Facilities ■ Wayne D. Holmes

9.16 Mining and Mineral Processing ■ Larry J. Moore

9.17 Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres ■ Keisa Rosales and Joel M. Stoltzfus

Section 10 Building Services

10.1 Emergency and Standby Power Supplies ■ Dan Chisholm, Sr.

10.2 Heating Systems and Appliances ■ Peter J. Gore Willse

10.3 Building Transportation Systems ■ Edward A. Donoghue

10.4 Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems ■ William A. Webb

10.5 Ventilation of Commercial Cooking Operations ■ David P. Demers

10.6 Boiler Furnaces ■ L. Jeffrey Mattern, Eugene Catania, and Shelton Ehrlich

Section 11 Fire Prevention Practices

11.1 Waste Handling and Control ■ Lawrence G. Doucet and Sharon S. Gilyeat

11.2 Housekeeping Practices ■ L. Jeffrey Mattern

11.3 Building and Site Planning for Fire Safety ■ Albert M. Comly, Jr.

11.4 Fire Hazards of Construction, Alteration, and Demolition of Buildings ■ Richard J. Davis

11.5 Control of Electrostatic Ignition Sources ■ Don R. Scarbrough

11.6 Lightning Protection Systems ■ John M. Caloggero

Section 12 Non-Emergency Fire Department Functions

12.1 Planning for Public Fire-Rescue Protection ■ John A. Granito

12.2 Organizational Benchmarking and Performance Evaluation ■ Dorinda Cline

12.3 Needs Assessment and Hazard Analysis ■ William F. Jenaway

12.4 Managing Fire-Rescue Departments ■ Rebecca F. Denlinger

12.5 Information Management and Computer Technology ■ Brian P. Duggan

12.6 Liability of Fire Service Organizations for Negligent Fire Fighting ■ Maureen Brodoff

12.7 Safety, Medical, and Health Issues and Programs ■ Murrey E. Loflin

12.8 Effect of Building Construction and Fire Protection Systems on Fire Fighter Safety ■ Glenn P. Corbett

12.9 Fire and Emergency Services Protective Clothing and Protective Equipment ■ Bruce W. Teele

12.10 Training Programs for Fire and Emergency Service Personnel ■ Jerry W. Laughlin

12.11 Industrial Fire Loss Prevention ■ Michael Snyder

12.12 Disaster Planning and Response Services ■ William Van Helden and Terry Stewart

12.13 GIS for Fire Station Locations and Response Protocols ■ Russ Johnson and Mike Price

12.14 Fire Rescue Stations and Fire Service Training Centers ■ David J. Acomb and Roger M. LeBoeuf

12.15 Public Emergency Services Alarm, Dispatch, and Communications Systems ■ John M. Merklinger

12.16 Fire Department Apparatus and Equipment ■ Robert Tutterow

12.17 Pre-Incident Planning for Industrial and Municipal Emergency Response ■ Michael J. Serapiglia

12.18 Pre-Incident Planning for Emergency Response ■ John Norman

12.19 Community Risk Reduction ■ Edward Kirtley

Section 13 Organizing for Public Sector Emergency Response

13.1 Fireground Operations ■ Bernard J. Klaene and Russell Sanders

13.2 Organizing Rescue Operations ■ Richard Wright

13.3 Fire Streams ■ Michael A. Wieder

13.4 Alternate Water Supplies ■ Laurence J. Stewart

13.5 Wildland Fire Management ■ James C. Smalley

13.6 Public Fire Protection and Hazmat Management ■ Michael S. Hildebrand and Gregory G. Noll

13.7 Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) ■ Jack Kreckie

13.8 Managing the Response to Hazardous Material Incidents ■ Charles J. Wright

13.9 Emergency Medical Services and the Fire Department ■ Jack J. Krakeel

Section 14 Detection and Alarm

14.1 Fire Alarm Systems ■ Wayne D. Moore

14.2 Automatic Fire Detectors ■ Kenneth W. Dungan

14.3 Notification Appliances ■ Robert P. Schifiliti

14.4 Fire Alarm System Interconnections ■ Fred Leber

14.5 Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Fire Alarm Systems ■ John M. Cholin

14.6 Household Fire-Warning Equipment ■ Daniel T. Gottuk

14.7 Fire Protection Surveillance and Security Services ■ Lawrence J. Wenzel

14.8 Gas and Vapor Detection Systems and Monitors ■ John M. Cholin

14.9 Carbon Monoxide Detection in Residential Occupancies ■ Art Black

14.10 Security and Intrusion Detection Systems ■ Shane M. Clary

Section 15 Water Supplies for Fixed Fire Protection

15.1 Fixed Water Storage Supplies for Fire Protection ■ Bruce A. Edwards

15.2 Water Supply Requirements for Public Supply Systems ■ Lawrence J. Wenzel

15.3 Hydraulics for Fire Protection ■ Kenneth W. Linder

15.4 Water Supplies for Sprinkler Systems ■ Wayne M. Martin

15.5 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Fire Sprinkler Systems ■ Bruce H. Clarke and Anthony M. Aguilera

15.6 Water Distribution ■ John D. Jensen

15.7 Fire Pump Controllers and Power Supply Arrangements for Motor-Driven Fire Pumps ■ James S. Nasby and John R. Kovacik

Section 16 Water-Based Fire Suppression Equipment

16.1 Principles of Automatic Sprinkler System Performance ■ Russell P. Fleming

16.2 Automatic Sprinklers ■ Kenneth E. Isman

16.3 Automatic Sprinkler Systems ■ Roland Huggins

16.4 Hanging and Bracing of Water-Based Systems ■ Russell P. Fleming

16.5 Sprinkler Systems for Storage Facilities ■ James E. Golinveaux

16.6 Residential Sprinkler Systems ■ Daniel Madrzykowski and Russell P. Fleming

16.7 Ultra-High-Speed Water Spray Systems ■ Robert M. Gagnon

16.8 Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems ■ Jack R. Mawhinney

16.9 Water Spray Protection ■ Kerry M. Bell

16.10 Standpipe and Hose Systems ■ David R. Hague

16.11 Care and Maintenance of Water-Based Extinguishing Systems ■ David R. Hague

Section 17 Fire Suppression Systems and Portable Fire Extinguishers

17.1 Carbon Dioxide and Application Systems ■ Thomas J. Wysocki

17.2 Chemical Extinguishing Agents and Application Systems ■ James D. Lake

17.3 Characteristics and Hazards of Water and Water Additives for Fire Suppression ■ John A. Frank

17.4 Foam Extinguishing Agents and Systems ■ Joseph L. Scheffey

17.5 Fire Extinguisher Use and Maintenance ■ Mark T. Conroy

17.6 Halon and Halon Replacement Agents and Systems ■ Philip J. DiNenno and Gary M. Taylor

17.7 Application of Gaseous Agents to Special Hazards Fire Protection ■ Jeff L. Harrington

17.8 Explosion Prevention and Protection ■ Erdem A. Ural and Henry W. Garzia

Section 18 Confining Fires

18.1 Confinement of Fire in Buildings ■ Hossein Davoodi

18.2 Interior Finish ■ Marcelo M. Hirschler

18.3 Smoke Movement in Buildings ■ James A. Milke and John H. Klote

18.4 Venting Practices ■ Gunnar Heskestad

18.5 Penetration Sealing ■ John E. Kampmeyer

18.6 Deflagration (Explosion) Venting ■ Richard F. Schwab

Section 19 Structural Fire Protection

19.1 Types of Building Construction ■ Peter J. Gore Willse

19.2 Structural Integrity During Fire ■ Richard J. Davis

19.3 Structural Fire Safety in One- and Two-Family Dwellings ■ Kuma Sumathipala

19.4 Analyzing Structural Fire Damage ■ Stephen Pessiki

19.5 Approaches to Calculating Structural Fire Resistance ■ Barbara Lane

Section 20 Protecting Occupancies

20.1 Assessing Life Safety in Buildings ■ John M. Watts, Jr.

20.2 Board and Care Facilities ■ Philip R. Jose

20.3 Hotels and University Housing ■ April Berkol, Byron Briese, and Ed Comeau

20.4 Apartment Buildings ■ Kenneth Bush

20.5 Lodging or Rooming Houses ■ Richard R. Anderson

20.6 One- and Two-Family Dwellings ■ James K. Lathrop

20.7 Manufactured Housing ■ Kirsten M. Paoletti

20.8 High-Rise Buildings ■ James R. Quiter

20.9 Assembly Occupancies ■ Gregory Miller and Edward Roether

20.10 Mercantile Occupancies ■ Ed Schultz

20.11 Business Occupancies ■ Brian L. Marburger

20.12 Educational Occupancies ■ Alex L. Szachnowicz

20.13 Day-Care Occupancies ■ Catherine L. Stashak

20.14 Detention and Correctional Occupancies ■ Thomas W. Jaeger

20.15 Health Care Occupancies ■ Daniel J. O’Connor

20.16 Storage Occupancies ■ Jeffrey Moore

20.17 Library and Museum Collections ■ Danny L. McDaniel

20.18 Industrial Occupancies ■ David P. Demers

20.19 Motion Picture and Television Studios and Soundstages ■ Raymond A. Grill

20.20 Occupancies in Special Structures ■ Wayne D. Holmes

Section 21 Transportation Fire Safety

21.1 Passenger Vehicle Fires ■ R. T. Long, Jr., Jeff D. Colwell, Rose Ray, Helene L. Grossman, Ben Thomas, and Robert Strassburger

21.2 Fire Safety in Commercial Vehicles ■ Brian Routhier

21.3 Automotive and Marine Service Station Operations ■ Carl H. Rivkin

21.4 Vehicle Fueling Using Gaseous Fuels ■ Carl H. Rivkin

21.5 Fuel Cell Vehicles ■ Glenn W. Scheffler and William P. Collins

21.6 Recreational Vehicles ■ Bruce A. Hopkins

21.7 Fixed Guideway Transit and Light Rail Systems ■ Tom Peacock

21.8 Rail Transportation Systems ■ Charles J. Wright

21.9 Aviation ■ Brian Boucher

21.10 Marine Vessels ■ Randall Eberly

21.11 Road Tunnels and Bridges ■ Arthur G. Bendelius

Index