Open navigation
Skip to main content
X
Close
Close Menu
BACK
Codes & Standards
All codes & standards
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
List of NFPA codes & standards
Buy NFPA codes and standards
Handbooks
Translated products
Free access
Digital subscriptions
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
NFPA LiNK
®
Free 14-day NFPA LiNK
®
trial
National Fire Codes® Subscription Service
Standards development
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
How the process works
Regulations and policies
Standards Council
Technical Meeting
Technical Committees
NFPA News
Disclaimers
The value of Standards Development Organizations
Resources
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
CodeFinder
®
Technical questions
Terminology
Glossary of Terms
Standards in action
Search codes & standards
Search
Solutions
By topic
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
Building & Life Safety
Certification
Construction Fire Safety
Electrical
Electrical Workplace Safety
Emergency Responders
Fire Protection Systems
Industrial Hazards
By region
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
Latin America
MENA
MENA (Arabic)
News & Research
Data, research, and tools
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
US fire problem
Building and life safety
Detection and signaling
Electrical
Emergency responders
Hazardous materials
Suppression
Wildland urban interface
Proceedings
NFPA Data Lab
Resources
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
For emergency responders
Fire Protection Research Foundation
Community Risk Reduction (CRR)
Library & Archives
Fire education programs
Publications and media
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
NFPA Journal®
NFPA Journal® Latinoamericano
NFPA blogs
Press Room
NFPA Xchange™
Sign up for NFPA Network
The NFPA Podcast
Advertising
Training & Certification
Training by topic
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
Active shooter/Hostile event response
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Safety Training
Building and life safety
Electrical
Emergency response
Fire protection systems
Health care
Reducing Wildfire Risk to People and Property
Wildfire hazards and mitigation
Hot work
Industrial hazards
Training by type
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
Online Learning
Live Virtual Training
Training with Digital Badge
Certification Learning Paths
Group Training
State-approved NEC® and NFPA 70E® electrical online training
Webinars
Certification
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
Choose your program
CFPS Learning Paths
CFI Learning Paths
CFPE Learning Paths
CWBSP Learning Paths
WBITM Learning Paths
Certification for Electrical Safety in the Workplace
Resources
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
Continuing Education Units
Learning Portal features
Public Education
Fire causes & risks
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
Top fire causes
Regional risks
Seasonal fire causes
Specific groups at risk
Behavioral risks
Wildfire
E-bikes and e-scooters
Staying safe
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
Safety equipment
Preparedness
Safety in living and entertainment spaces
Electrical safety around water
Teaching tools
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
Safety tip sheets
Sparky School House (for teachers)
Lesson plans
Educational messaging
Learn Not to Burn program
Remembering When program
Community tool kits
Canadian fire education materials
Sparky the Fire Dog®
Video playlist
Connect with us
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
Contact us
Blog
NFPA Network newsletter
Using our content
Membership
NFPA membership for
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
Individuals
Students and apprentices
Electrical inspection
Renew your membership
Membership resources
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
Member logos
Member Sections
Technical questions
Membership publications
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
NFPA Journal®
Fire Technology
Events
Upcoming events
Toggle this sub-menu open or closed
NFPA Conference & Expo
Technical Meeting
Wildfire Community Preparedness Day
Fire Prevention Week
Sign In
Cart (0)
Site Search:
Search
News & Research
News & Research
News & Research
Data, research, and tools
Expand sub-navigation
US fire problem
Expand sub-navigation
Christmas tree fires
Fire death rates by state
Fireworks fires and injuries
Review of Impact of Medications on Older Adult Fall and Fire Risk
Fire loss in the United States
Total Cost of Fire in the United States
Trends and patterns of U.S. fire losses
Fires by occupancy or Property Type
Catastrophic multiple-death fires
Expand sub-navigation
Homes fires with ten or more fatalities table
Deadliest fires and explosions by property class table
Deadliest single building or complex fires and explosions in the U.S. table
Deadliest fires in apartment buildings
Deadliest fires and explosions in U.S. history table
Deadliest fires or explosions in the world table
Deadliest fires in retail properties since 1970
Environmental Impact of Fires in the Built Environment
Fire experience by region
Home Grill Fires
Electrical fires
Home cooking fires
Home Heating Fires
Home Fires That Began with Upholstered Furniture
Home fires involving clothes dryers and washing machines
Intentional structure fires
Structure Fires Started by Hot Work
Playing with fire
Lightning Fires and Lightning Strikes
Home Fires Started by Smoking
Home fire victims by age and gender
Physical disability as a factor in home fire deaths
Building and life safety
Expand sub-navigation
A Review of Dynamic Directional Exit Signage: Challenges and Perspectives
Digitized Fuel Load Survey Methodology Using Machine Vision
High Rise Buildings with Combustible Exterior Wall Assemblies: Fire Risk Assessment Tool
Modern Vehicle Hazards in Parking Garages & Vehicle Carriers
Railing Height, Design and Criteria Review
Service or Gas Station Fires
Fire in Industrial or Manufacturing Properties
Home Structure Fires
Fires in Structures Under Construction
Structure Fires in Eating and Drinking Establishments
Structure Fires in Schools
Expand sub-navigation
US school fires, grades K-12, with 10 or more deaths
Fires in health care facilities
Structure Fires in Dormitories, Fraternities, Sororities and Barracks
Vacant building fires
High-rise building fires
Warehouse Structure Fires
Hotel and Motel Structure Fires
Structure Fires in Residential Board and Care Facilities
Structure Fires in Stores and Other Mercantile Properties
Fires at Outside Storage Tanks
Manufactured Home Fires
U.S. Structure Fires in Office Properties
U.S. Structure Fires in Religious and Funeral Properties
Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings
Expand sub-navigation
Phase 2: Task 1 - Literature Review
Phase 2: Tasks 2 & 3 – Development and Implementation of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Compartment Fire Tests
Phase 2: Task 4 – Engineering Analysis and Computer Simulations
Phase 2: Task 5 – Experimental Study of Delamination of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) in Fire
Chimney Top Devices in International Codes
Impact of Chimney-top Appurtenances on Flue Gas Flow
Mass Evacuation and Sheltering
Egress Modelling in health Care Occupancies
Total Evac Systems for Tall Buildings Literature Review
Total evacuation systems for tall buildings
Pilot Evaluation of the Remembering When™ Program in Five Communities in Iowa
Aircraft Loading Walkways Literature and Information Review
Evaluating Occupant Load Factors for Ambulatory Health Care Facilities
Determining Self-Preservation Capability in Pre-School Children
Disaster Resiliency and NFPA Codes and Standards
Validation of the Fire Safety Evaluation System in the 2013 Edition of NFPA 101A
Non-Fire Hazard Provisions in NFPA Codes and Standards: A Literature Review
Fire Safety Challenges of Green Buildings
Archived reports - Building and life safety
Detection and signaling
Expand sub-navigation
Audible Alarm Signal Waking Effectiveness: Literature Review
Carbon Monoxide Incidents: A Review of the Data Landscape
Combustible Gas Dispersion in Residential Occupancies and Detector Location Analysis
Door Messaging Strategies: Implications for Detection and Notification
Evaluation of the Responsiveness of Occupants to Fire Alarms in Buildings: Phase 1
Review of Alarm Technologies for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Populations
Smoke Detector Spacing for High Ceiling Spaces
Smoke Alarms in U.S. Home Fires
Smoke Alarm Nuisance Source Characterization: Experimental Results
Smoke Alarm Nuisance Source Characterization Phase 1
Fire Alarms and At Risk Populations
Fire Alarms and People with ASD: A Literature Summary
Guidance Document: Emergency Communication Strategies for Buildings
Parameters for Indirect Viewing of Visual Signals USed in Emergency Notification
Carbon Monoxide Diffusion through Porous Walls: A Critical Review of Literature and Incidents
Carbon Monoxide Toxicology: Overview of Altitude Effects on the Uptake and Dissociation of COHb and Oxygen in Human Blood
Archived reports - Detection and signaling
Electrical
Expand sub-navigation
Electric Circuit Data Collection: An Analysis of Health Care Facilities
Home Electrical Fires
Fire resistance of concrete for electrical conductors
Non-Home Electrical Fires
Static Electricity Incident Review
Fatal electrical injuries at work
Fatal Electrical Injuries of Contract Workers
Non-Fatal Electrical Injuries at Work
Non-Fire Electrical Incidents
Occupational Injuries from Electrical Shock and Arc Flash Events
Marina Risk Reduction
Assessment of Hazardous Voltage/Current in Marinas, Boatyards and Floating Buildings
Emergency Response to Incident Involving Electric Vehicle Battery Hazards
Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Safety Training for Emergency Responders
Development of Fire Mitigations Solutions for PV Systems Installed on Building Roofs - Phase 1
Evaluation of Electrical Feeder and Branch Circuit Loading: Phase 1
Electronic cigarette explosions and fires
Data Assessment for Electrical Surge Protection Devices
Analytical Modeling of Pan and Oil Heating On an Electric Coil Cooktop
Development of Standardized Cooking Fires for Evaluation of Prevention Technologies
Commercial Roof-Mounted Photovoltaic System Installation Best Practices Review and All Hazard Assessment
Residential Electrical Fire Problem: The Data Landscape
Archived reports - Electrical
Emergency responders
Expand sub-navigation
Firefighting Foams: Fire Service Roadmap
NFPA 1700 Training Materials: Development of Training Materials to Support the Implementation of NFPA 1700, Guide for Structural Fire Fighting
Literature Review on Spaceport Fire Safety
An Analysis of Public Safety Call Answering and Event Processing Times
Development of real-time particulate and toxic gas sensors for firefighter health and safety
Economic Impact of Firefighter Injuries in the United States
Evaluating Data and Voice Signals in Pathway Survivable Cables for Life Safety Systems
Fire and Emergency Service Personnel Knowledge and Skills Proficiency
Firefighter fatalities
Expand sub-navigation
Incidents with Three or More Firefighter Deaths
Firefighter deaths by cause and nature of injury table
Firefighter deaths by type of duty table
Firefighter deaths table
Deadliest fires with 5 or more firefighter deaths at the fire ground table
Incidents resulting in the deaths of 8 or more firefighters table
Top 10 Deadliest Wildland Firefighter Fatality Incidents table
Firefighter Immersive Learning Environment (FILE)
Fireground Exposure of Firefighters A Literature Review
Flammable refrigerants firefighter training: Hazard assessment and demonstrative testing
Next Generation Smart and Connected Fire Fighter System
Public Safety Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) Compliance Training: Literature Review & Use Case Study
Renovation Needs of the US Fire Service
Review of Emergency Responder Standard Operating Procedures/Guidelines (SOP/SOG)
Patterns of Female Firefighter Injuries on the Fireground
Firefighter Injuries on the Fireground
Volunteer firefighter injuries
Needs assessment of US Fire Service
Expand sub-navigation
Needs Assessment Tool
Needs Assessment Tool
Evaluation of the Performance of Station Wear Worn under a NFPA 1971 Structural Fire Fighter Protective Ensemble
Recommendations for Developing and Implementing a Fire Service Contamination Control Campaign
Non-Destructive Assessment of Outer Shell Degradation for Firefighter Turnouts
Fire Fighter Equipment Operational Environment: Evaluation of Thermal Conditions
Developing a Research Roadmap for the Smart Fire Fighter of the Future
Expand sub-navigation
Smart Fire Fighting Workshop report
Evaluation and Enhancement of Fire Fighter PASS EffectivenessSection Page
Development of Permeation Test Method for Zippers and Other Closures
Evaluation of Intrinsic Safety for Emergency Responder Electronic Safety Equipment
Canadian Fire Department Profile
U.S. fire department profile
Fire Department Roadway Incidents
Automotive Fire Apparatus Tire Replacement
Risk-Based Decision Support in Managing Unwanted Alarms
False alarm activity in the U.S.
Fire department calls table
Impact of Fixed Fire Fighting Systems on Road Tunnel Resilience, Ventilation and Other Systems
High Hazard Flammable Trains (HHFT) On-Scene Incident Commander Field Guide
Liquid Petroleum Pipeline Emergencies On-Scene Incident Commander Field Guide
Analysis of Recruit Initial Fire Fighter Training Curricula
Using Crowdsourcing to Address Electric Vehicle Fires
Evaluation of Fire Service Training Fires
Evaluation of Fire Flow Methodologies
Emergency Response to Incident Involving Electric Vehicle Battery Hazards
Development of an Environmental and Economic Assessment Tool (Enveco Tool) for Fire Events
Fire Based Mobile Integrated Healthcare and Community Paramedicine (MIH & CP) – Data and Resources
Archived reports - Emergency responders
Hazardous materials
Expand sub-navigation
Combustible Dust Flame Propagation and Quenching in Pipes and Ducts
Light Gas (Hydrogen) Dispersion Screening Tool
Variables Impacting the Probability and Severity of Dust Explosions in Dust Collectors
Evaluation of fire and explosion hazard of nanoparticles
Fire Hazard Assessment of Lead-Acid Batteries
Influence of particle size and moisture content of wood particulates on deflagration hazard
Vapor mitigation testing using fixed water spray system
Variables Associated with the Classification of Ammonium Nitrate | NFPA
Separation Distances in NFPA Codes and Standards
Assessing the List of Typical Oxidizers
Evaluation of the Fire Hazard of ASHRAE Class A3 Refrigerants in Commercial Refrigeration Applications
Evaluation of LPG Pool Fire Heat Flux
Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility Fire Code Gap Analysis
Quantifying Heavy Snowfall in NFPA 58
Estimation of Fireball Dimensions from NFPA 68
LNG model evaluation protocol and validation database update
Hydrogen refueling code gap assessment
Hazard Assessment of Lithium Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems
Lithium ion batteries hazard and use assessment
Reduce the risk of IBCs
Contain IBC Fire Risk
Expand sub-navigation
About NFPA 30
Information for the media about IBCs
Archived reports - Hazardous materials
Suppression
Expand sub-navigation
Impact of Elevated Walkways in Storage on Sprinkler Protection - Phase 1
Impact of Home Fire Sprinkler System Requirements in California
Impact of Obstructions on Spray Sprinklers – Phase I
Obstructions and Early Suppression Fast Response Sprinklers
Review of Oxygen Reduction Systems for Warehouse Storage Applications
Sprinkler Protection Guidance for Lithium-Ion Based Energy Storage Systems
U.S. Experience with Sprinklers
Stakeholder Perceptions of Home Fire Sprinklers
Home Fire Sprinkler Cost Assessment
Applying Reliability Based Decision Making to ITM Frequency
Storage Protection in the Presence of Horizontal Barriers or Solid Shelving – Literature Review
Protection of Storage Under Sloped Ceilings
Fire Department Connection Inlet Flow Assessment
Use of Gaseous Suppression Systems in High Air Flow Environments - Phase 1
Quantification of Water Flow Data Adjustments for Sprinkler System Design
Water-Based Fire Protection System Tagging Review
Sprinkler Protection for Cloud Ceilings
Addressing the Performance of Sprinkler Systems: NFPA 25 and Other Strategies
Foam Application for High Hazard Flammable Train (HHFT) Fires
Impact of Fire Extinguisher Agents on Cultural Resource Materials
Protection of Exposed Expanded Group A Plastics
Literature Review on Hybrid Fire Suppression Systems
Evaluation of Water Additives for Fire Control
Archived reports - Suppression
Wildland urban interface
Expand sub-navigation
Brush, grass and forest fires
Fire ember production from wildland and structural fuels
WUI-NITY: a platform for the simulation of wildland-urban interface fire evacuation
Wildland/Urban Interface
Expand sub-navigation
Largest loss wildland fires
Pathways for Building Fire Spread at the Wildland Urban Interface
A Collection of Geospatial Technological Approaches for Wildland and Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Fire Events
Proceedings
Expand sub-navigation
Flammable refrigerants: Fire Fighter Training Material Development Workshop
NFPA Building Safety and Security Workshop
Expand sub-navigation
Workshop on School Safety, Codes and Security - December 2014
Preparing for Disaster: Workshop on Advancing WUI Resilience
Public Safety sUAS Compliance Training Workshop
SUPDET 2019
Summit on Safe, Independent Living
Global Research Update: High Challenge Storage Protection
Smart Enforcement Workshop
2022 SUPDET papers
SUPDET 2018 presentations
SUPDET/AUBE
SUPDET 2016 proceedings
SUPDET 2015 proceedings
Technology Needs for Fire Prevention
Workshop for Survey on Usage and Functionality of Smoke Alarms and CO Alarms in Households
Big Data and Fire Protection Systems Workshop
Power Over the Ethernet (PoE) Summit: Next Steps
Workshop: Power Over the Ethernet
Workshop on Energy Storage Systems and the Built Environment
Marina Shock Hazard Research Planning Workshop
Property Insurance Research Group Forum on PV Panel Fire Risk
Fire Protection for a Changing World
Smart Home Summit
Workshop on Smart Buildings and Fire Safety
The Next Five Years in Fire and Electrical Safety
Resiliency and Emergency Preparedness Workshop
Workshop Proceedings on Emergency Responder Vehicles
Alternative Fuel Vehicle Safety Summit
Fire Hose Workshop in Support of the Technical Committee
Competencies for Responders to Incidents of Flammable Liquids in Transport – Developing a Codes and Standards Roadmap
HAZMAT Incident Commander Workshop
Workshop on Key Performance Capabilities and Competencies for High Hazard Incident Commander
Workshop on International Wildfire Risk Reduction
Wildland and WUI Fire Research Planning Workshop
Wildland Urban Interface Land Use Policy Workshop
Economic Impact of Codes and Standards: A Workshop on Needs and Resources
NFPA Data Lab
Resources
Expand sub-navigation
For emergency responders
Expand sub-navigation
Health and wellness
Expand sub-navigation
Firefighters and cancer
Data and research
Expand sub-navigation
Fire statistics
Research for emergency responders
Needs assessment of U.S. Fire Service
High risk hazards
Expand sub-navigation
Homeland Security
Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and Solar Safety
Expand sub-navigation
ESS - Frequently asked questions
Photovoltaics (PV) Systems
Events that involve violence
Mass casualty decontamination
Confined space
Job tools and resources
Expand sub-navigation
Training
Public Safety Drone Program
Emergency responder mobile apps
Standards in action
Responder Forum
NFPA and sustainability
Expand sub-navigation
Fire safety in a sustainable world
Insurance Services Office (ISO)
Outreach and advocacy
How to get involved
Fire Protection Research Foundation
Expand sub-navigation
About the Foundation
Expand sub-navigation
Working with us
Advisory services
Officers & Trustees
Research Advisory Committee
Foundation Medal
SUPDET
Expand sub-navigation
Terms and conditions
Current projects
Expand sub-navigation
Campaign for Fire Service Contamination Control
An Analysis of Public Safety Call Answering and Event Processing Times
Firefighting Foams: Fire Service Roadmap
Refrigerants
Environmental impact of fire - Research road map
WUINITY a platform for the simulation of wildlandurban interface fire evacuation
Protection of Storage Under Sloped Ceilings Phase 3
Safe Quantity of Open Medical Gas Storage in a Smoke Compartment
PPE and Fire Service Gear Cleaning Validation
Stranded Energy within Lithium-Ion Batteries
Fire Fighter Flammable Refrigerant Training
Influence of wood particulate size and moisture content on deflagration hazard
Enhancing Incident Commander Competencies for Management of Incidents Involving Pipeline and Rail Car Spills of Flammable Liquids
Research reports
NFPA Research Fund
Student project initiative
Research planning
Expand sub-navigation
Property Insurance Research Group
Newsletter
The Fire Protection Research Foundation's 40th Anniversary
Community Risk Reduction (CRR)
Expand sub-navigation
CRAIG 1300
NFPA Community Risk Assessment Pilot Project
Frequently asked questions
Library & Archives
Expand sub-navigation
About the NFPA Research Library and Archives
Search the Library catalog
FAQ/facts and lore
Fire education programs
Publications and media
Expand sub-navigation
NFPA Journal®
Expand sub-navigation
2023
2022
2021
Expand sub-navigation
Fall 2021
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Research: Older, Alone, At Risk
Outreach: Action Now
Wildfire: Closing the Gaps
Features
Expand sub-navigation
The New NFPA 1700
Expand sub-navigation
Still Hot
Great Boston Fire
ESS Guidance Needed
Expand sub-navigation
Power Struggle
ESS Protection Research
Prepped for Takeoff
Expand sub-navigation
Beyond Batteries
Fire Progress Report
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
Cyber Safe
Venue Safety
EVs and the NEC
Oxygen Risk
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches: Group Effort
Expand sub-navigation
911 Anniversary
Miami Building Collapse
Miami Building Collapse
Danger of Fireworks
Confined Space Deaths
Briefs - Fall 2021
Chirps and Beeps
Drone Smarts
Texas Kennel Fire
Milan Facade Fire
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word: Where We're At
Perspectives: In My Tribe
Summer 2021
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Research: Workplace Worry
Outreach: Consistency Matters
Wildfire: Emotional Rescue
Features
Expand sub-navigation
Class of 2022
Connecting the CRR Dots
Safety First
Expand sub-navigation
Still Hot
Sri Lanka Cargo Ship Fire
Battered Batteries
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
Secondary Power
The Silent Killer
The NEC and Cybersecurity
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches: Deadly Trend
Expand sub-navigation
RV Fire Safety
Electric Shock Injuries
A New Approach to ITM
International: Summer 2021
Briefs: Summer 2021
Firewatch: Summer 2021
Looking Back: Dinner Disaster
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word: Danger & Potential
Perspectives: Awakening
Winter 2021
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Research: Older, Alone, At Risk
Outreach: Preventing the Preventable
Wildfire: Real Answers
Features
Expand sub-navigation
ESS Guidance Needed
Expand sub-navigation
Power Struggle
ESS Protection Research
Century of Safety
Expand sub-navigation
Still Hot
Ultra Urban
Expand sub-navigation
Beyond Batteries
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
Secondary Power
The COVID Effect
EVs and the NEC
Adapting to Change
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches: Our Future, Our Floods
Expand sub-navigation
NFPA Journal Editors’ Picks
Miami Building Collapse
Mine Blast
Danger of Fireworks
Confined Space Deaths
Briefs - Fall 2021
Drone Smarts
Global Wildfire Deaths
Fire on the Ranch
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word: Where We're At
POV
Expand sub-navigation
Firefighter Fatalities in 2020
First Word: Where We're At
Spring 2021
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Research: Green Questions
Outreach: Beyond the Burns
Wildfire: That's Rich
Features
Expand sub-navigation
Weak Spots
Expand sub-navigation
Cyber Lab
The Cybersecurity Knowledge Race
Big Targets
Dust Disaster
Safer Sets
Disrupting the flow
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
Test Questions
Tall Changes
All About Listing
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches: Lights Out
Expand sub-navigation
Home Fires Report
Under Attack
'General Negligence'
International
NFPA News in Brief
Firewatch
Looking Back: Unstoppable
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word: Hello 2021!
Perspectives: Fitting In
2020
Expand sub-navigation
November December 2020
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Research: Data United
Outreach: First Person
Wildfire: Snap To
Features
Expand sub-navigation
The Wildfire Crisis
Firefighter Injuries in the United States in 2019
Large-Loss Fires in the United States in 2019
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
Hot Topic
Purell Protection: Part I
Expanded Requirements
Purell Protection: Part II
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches: Vanishing Act
Expand sub-navigation
Briefs: Faces of Fire Electrical
Fire Service Diversity
International: Beirut blast measured
Oddities: November/December 2020
Firewatch: November/December 2020
Looking Back: Hospital Blaze
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word: Wildfire Reckoning
Perspectives: Safety for the Afflicted
September October 2020
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Responder: One Last Run
Outreach: Fire Prevention Week
Wildfire: A Giant Step
Features
Expand sub-navigation
Introducing NFPA LiNK
Disasters + COVID
Expand sub-navigation
Space Crunch
Fire Loss in the United States in 2019
Catastrophic Fires and Explosions in the United States in 2019
Expand sub-navigation
Catastrophic Multiple-Death Fires and Explosions by Type in 2019
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
Simplifying Survivability
Door Safe
'Game Changer'
Unacceptable Obstructions
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches: Beirut Blast
Expand sub-navigation
Briefs: Viral Distortion
ESS Reports
International: Wildlife Toll
Oddities: September/October 2020
Firewatch: September/October 2020
Looking Back: Schoolhouse Disaster
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word: Crucial Link
Perspectives: History Lost
July August 2020
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Responder: Fighting for EMS
Research: Thinking Tall
Outreach: Getting the Message
Wildfire: Prep Dedication
Features
Expand sub-navigation
A COVID Opening
Crowd Control
Expand sub-navigation
Too Close for Comfort
Report: Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 2019
Expand sub-navigation
Selected 2019 US Firefighter Fatality Incidents
Remote Video Inspection Revolution
Expand sub-navigation
Too Close for Comfort
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
Alarm Timing
Life safety during the reopening
Emerging and timely hazards
Establishing water supply
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches: Two Steps Back?
Expand sub-navigation
Briefs: Viral Distortion
International: Promises Made
2020 Tech Session Recap
Wide Shot: Burning Anger
Firewatch: July/August 2020
Looking Back: On the Waterfront
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word: The Push Forward
Perspectives: Wildfire Prep Pro
May June 2020
March April 2020
January February 2020
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Responder: The Volunteer Crisis
Research: We Are the World
Outreach: Why It Matters
Wildfire: Power Off
Features
Expand sub-navigation
Stranded Energy
Expand sub-navigation
Beyond EVs
Addressing Stranded Energy Starts with Learning More About It
The International Hospital Fire Problem
Expand sub-navigation
Game Changers
The EMS Revolution
Expand sub-navigation
Lessons Learned From MIH Experts
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
Loudspeaker Circuit Survivability
Safe Service Work
Sprinklers and ESS
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches: Lights Out
Expand sub-navigation
The Augusta Project
Safe Drones
International
Casey Grant retires
Firewatch, March/April 2020
Looking Back: Behind Bars
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word: Sprinklers Now
Perspectives: Guarding the Getty
2019
Expand sub-navigation
November December 2019
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
You Don't Know NFPA
Small Steps Matter
'Tis the Season
Beyond Blame
Features
Expand sub-navigation
The Worcester Cold Storage Fire
Expand sub-navigation
Game Changers
2018 Large-Loss Fires and Explosions in the United States Report
Expand sub-navigation
Large Loss incidents
Wildfire Sidebar
2018 U.S. Firefighter Injuries Report
Expand sub-navigation
Selected 2018 US Firefighter Injury Incidents
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
Risk Analysis Value
NEC additions on reconditioned equipment
Nonmetallic tubes: No longer a pipe dream
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches: Brazil Burning
Expand sub-navigation
Casey Grant retires
Cocoanut Grove film
International: Again, Russian mall fires spark outcry, suspicion
UFF
Urban Fire Forum recap
Wide Shot
Firewatch
Looking Back: Lame Horse
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word
Perspectives: Exiting Smarter
September October 2019
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
First Responder
Research: From Paupers to Kings
Outreach: Great Escapes
Wildfire: Weak Links
Features
Expand sub-navigation
Marine Vessel Fires
2018 Fire Loss in the United States report
Old Book, New Museum
Expand sub-navigation
Code Factor
2018 Catastrophic Multiple-Death Fires Report
Expand sub-navigation
Origin Story
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
NFPA 72
NFPA 101
NFPA 70
NFPA 13
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches: School Spirit
Expand sub-navigation
Beyond Fire
International: Weak Link
Smokey Turns 75
Sushi fires
Firewatch
Looking Back
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word
Perspectives: The First 12 Minutes
Feedback
July August 2019
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
First Responder
Research: Wake-Up Call
Outreach: New Day, Old Challenge
Wildfire: Same As It Ever Was
Features
Expand sub-navigation
Safe Escape
Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 2018
Expand sub-navigation
Selected 2018 US Firefighter Fatality Incidents
Big Assist
Expand sub-navigation
Code Factor
Chasing the Chatter
Expand sub-navigation
Origin Story
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
NFPA 72
NFPA 101
NFPA 70
NFPA 13
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches
Expand sub-navigation
Codes & Standards: It Don't Come Easy
International: Bridging Borders
Wildfire
Firewatch
Looking Back
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word
Perspectives
May June 2019
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Wildfire: Letter from Paradise
Outreach
Research
First Responder
International
Features
Expand sub-navigation
Front and Center
2020 NEC Changes
Smart Building Systems
What is CRR?
2020 NFPA 25 Changes
Energy Storage Systems
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
NFPA 72
NFPA 101
NFPA 70
NFPA 13
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches
Firewatch
Looking Back
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word
Perspectives
Feedback
March April 2019
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Research
Wildfire: One Day, One Thing
Outreach
First Responder
International
Features
Expand sub-navigation
Protecting Parking Garages
Cold Storage Safety
Regulating Modular Construction
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
NFPA 72
NFPA 101
NFPA 70
NFPA 13
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches
Expand sub-navigation
Briefs
Firewatch
Looking Back
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word
Perspectives: Hot Seat
January February 2019
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
First Responder
Wildfire
International
Outreach
Research
Features
Expand sub-navigation
The Toll of Violence
Health Care Trends
Mind the Gap
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
NFPA 72
NFPA 101
NFPA 70
NFPA 13
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches
Firewatch
Looking Back
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word
Perspectives: 135 Minutes
2018
Expand sub-navigation
November December 2018
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Safety Policy
Research
International
Outreach
Wildfire
First Responder
Features
Expand sub-navigation
The Critter Life Safety Code
Shantytown Safety
Large-Loss Fires 2017
US Firefighter Injuries 2017
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
NFPA 72
NFPA 101
NFPA 70E
NFPA 13
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches
Firewatch
Looking Back
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word
Perspectives
Feedback
September October 2018
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Outreach
Research
First Responder
International
Safety Policy
Wildfire
Features
Expand sub-navigation
Protecting Campus
Restoring Order
2017 Catastrophic Multiple Death Fire Report
2017 US Fire Loss Report
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
NFPA 72
NFPA 101
NFPA 70
NFPA 13
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches
Firewatch
Looking Back
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word
Perspectives
Feedback
July August 2018
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
First Responder
Outreach
International
Research
Safety Policy
Wildfire
Features
Expand sub-navigation
Managing Magnitude
The Airbnb Challenge
The Cannabis Industry
Firefighter Fatalities
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
NFPA 72
NFPA 101
NFPA 70E
NFPA 13
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches
Firewatch
Looking Back
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word
Perspectives
May June 2018
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Outreach
Safety Policy
International
Research
First Responder
Wildfire
Features
Expand sub-navigation
Writing History
Energy Storage Systems
NEC: Staying Current
NFPA 13 gets a Makeover
NFPA 72 Changes
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
NFPA 72
NFPA 101
NFPA 70
NFPA 25
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches
Firewatch
Looking Back
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word
Perspectives
March April 2018
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Outreach
Safety Policy
International
Research
First Responder
Wildfire
Features
Expand sub-navigation
Spaceports
Safe Distilling
UL Smoke alarm
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
NFPA 72
NFPA 101
NFPA 70
NFPA 13
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches
Firewatch
Looking Back
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word
Perspectives
Feedback
January February 2018
Expand sub-navigation
Columns
Expand sub-navigation
Outreach
Safety Policy
International
Research
First Responder
Wildfire
Features
Expand sub-navigation
Build. Burn. Repeat?
Ambulance or Uber?
The Evidence for Evidence-Based Design
Comfortably Numb
In Compliance
Expand sub-navigation
NFPA 72
NFPA 101
NFPA 70
NFPA 4
News and Analysis
Expand sub-navigation
Dispatches
Firewatch
Looking Back
POV
Expand sub-navigation
First Word
Perspectives
2015
2014
2011
Author Index
Content Disclaimer
Archived Issues
About NFPA Journal
Journal Mobile App
Search Results
NFPA Journal® Latinoamericano
NFPA blogs
Press Room
Expand sub-navigation
News releases
Expand sub-navigation
2023
Expand sub-navigation
03/22/2023
03/22/2023
03/14/2023
03/09/2023
03/08/2023
03/01/2023
02/22/2023
02/15/2023
02/10/2023
01/31/2023
01/23/2023
01/18/2023
01/17/2023
01/13/2023
01/04/2023
2022
Expand sub-navigation
12/15/2022
12/14/2022
12/13/2022
12/12/2022
11/16/2022
10/26/2022
10/25/2022
10/24/2022
10/21/2022
10/06/2022
10/06/2022
09/30/2022
09/22.2022
09/15/2022
09/09/2022
08/31/2022
08/29/2022
08/24/2022
08/23/2022
08/15/2022
08/10/2022
08/09/2022
08/05/2022
07/21/2022
07/19/2022
07/15/2022
07/14/2022
06/23/2022
06/16/2022
06/15/2022
06/14/2022
06/14/2022
06/09/2022
06/06/2022
06/06/2022
06/06/2022
06/06/2022
06/06/2022
06/06/2022
05/26/2022
05/19/2022
05/17/2022
05/16/2022
05/12/2022
05/09/2022
05/05/2022
05/02.2022
04/28/2022
03/31/2022
03/24/2022
03/22/2022
03/18/2022
03/16/2022
03/16/2022
03/14/2022
03/11/2022
03/10/2022
03/01/2022
02/24/2022
02/23/2022
02/22/2022
01/31/2022
01/31/2022
01/27/2022
01/27/2022
01/19/2022
01/12/2022
01/05/2022
01/03/2022
2021
Expand sub-navigation
12/17/2021
12/15/2021
12/15/2021
12/14/2021
12/08/2021
12/07/2021
12/06/2021
12/02/2021
11/15/2021
11/11/2021
11/01/2021
10/28/2021
10/27/2021
10/25/2021
10/21/2021
10/20/2021
10/01/2021
09/30/2021
09/30/2021
09/28/2021
09/23/2021
09/17/2021
09/08/2021
08/26/2021
08/16/2021
08/11/2021
08/10/2021
08/05/2021
08/04/2021
07/21/2021
07/13/2021
06/30/2021
06/28/2021
06/24/2021
06/24/2021
06/23/2021
06/23/2021
06/17/2021
06/17/2021
06/10/2021
06/08/2021
06/07/2021
06/03.2021
05/27/2021
05/24/2021
05/20/2021
05/20/2021
05/18/2021
05/18/2021
05/13/2021
05/13/2021
05/04/2021
05/03/2021
04/29/2021
04/28/2021
04/20/2021
04/14/2021
04/07/2021
03/30/2021
03/17/2021
03/16/2021
03/16/2021
03/15/2021
03/11/2021
03/10/2021
03/05/2021
03/03/2021
02/22/2021
02/17/2021
02/17/2021
02/10/2021
02/08/2021
02/03/2021
01/25/2021
01/22/2021
01/21/2021
01/19/2020
01/15/2021
01/13/2021
01/12/2021
01/11/2021
Breaking news
Story ideas
A Reporter's Guide to Fire and the NFPA
Expand sub-navigation
About codes and standards
All about fire
The consequences of fire
Firefighters are first responders
Glossary
Key fire safety tips
NFPA Xchange™
Sign up for NFPA Network
The NFPA Podcast
Advertising
News & Research
Publications and media
Press Room
Video PSAs
Video PSAs
In This Section
Dan Doofus
Meet Dan Doofus, star of NFPA’s series of video public service announcements.